This research describes the application of a new approach of the frequency curves for discharge, which can be associated with curves for water quality (e.g nutrients, turbidity and metals). The determination of such regimes depends upon a well-weighted combination between quantitative and qualitative aspects in rivers and streams. However, a more recent approach emphasizes the need to examine hydrological regimes that meet human needs and ecosystem services instead of considering constant reference flows.
Environmental flows are usually established for aquatic water bodies in order to protect them and maintain ecological integrity and natural physical, chemical and biological processes. If P(Q≥15m3/s)=40%, for example, the probability (P) of having discharge (Q) equal to or higher than 15 m3/s within the water body is 40%. They are commonly built in relation to discharge in a given aquatic system, following a quantitative approach. This suggests that, while PWS programs may lead to the provision of additional ecosystem services, the complexity of contracts and diversity of local conditions create challenges to broad deployment in the absence of significant outreach efforts.Ĭumulative frequency curves describe the exceedance probability of a particular event and can be useful in environmental studies. While financial incentives (payments) account for both the value of ecosystem services and opportunity costs of shifting pasture production to forest, several economic, social, political, and biophysical factors will likely affect landowners’ decisions to enroll in PWS.
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We base our research on a review of policies affecting PWS in Brazil, existing PWS in the Cantareira region, and drivers affecting land use and technology adoption by cattle ranchers, drawing from the literature and interviews with farmers and agronomists in the study region. Using as an example the Cantareira System, an important drinking water supply for the São Paulo metropolitan area, we review PWS incentives in the context of factors that affect farmer land use decisions. However, it is unclear how these financial incentives will function as programs expand to new areas, as pilot programs report high recruitment costs. In Brazil, PWS programs have mostly occurred at the local level, using formulaic contracts to ensure landowners are compensated for provision of specific types and quantities of ecosystem services. This expansion faces logistical challenges, in particular identifying appropriate incentives and enrollment processes to provide additional ecosystem services under budget constraints.
Significant effort is being devoted to the expansion of payments for watershed services (PWS) programs at national, regional, and local scales.
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